MY CHAPTER TWO EXPERIENCE

Chapter Two: Literature Review This is the chapter that detailed the review of all the literature that was carried out in the course of my writings. It was divided into three, based on my research objective and my research questions. There are three main key constructs that the literarture review centred on: 1. Open Access 2. Open Data 3. Open Peer Review The chapter discusses in detail the review of literature that can be used as a basis for the development of a method for measuring scholarly communication readiness in open science, specifically focusing on cognitive (awareness), affective (perception) and conative (practices). The chapter further explore related literature on open scholarly communication and sub-divided into –Open Access, Open Data and Open Peer Review in this study as well as related theories that support open scholarly communication (UNESCO 2015; Kim, 2017; World Bank Group, 2017). Conceptual definitions as related to the current study are taken from journal, textbooks, research articles in various databases and university of Malaya online databases. Using the keywords “Open Science” “scholarly communication” “scholarly readiness” “awareness” “perception” and “scholarly practices” revealed a huge source of research articles, mainly in the following journals: Library & Information Science Research, Journal of Academic Librarianship, Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, Journal of eScience Librarianship, PLoS ONE, International Journal on Digital Libraries, MIS Quarterly, Digital Journalism, IFLA Journal, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of the Medical Library Association, Journal of Neuroscience Nursing (accessed at www.umlib.um.edu.my) UM database. The main database used to extract theses sources are Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstract, Library Literature & Information Science Full Text, Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), and ProQuest Dissertations & Dissertation. The Digital Dissertations (UM) had over 15,000 doctoral dissertations on the subject of Open Science in the last decade, of which 1,693 were in the Library and Information Science fields (Accessed at university of Malaya, database (http://www.diglib.um.edu.my/umtheses/#sthash.uvm1dhTp.LgJcY75Z.dpbs). The chapter begins with brief introduction to Open Scholarly Communication in other words, Open Science, this is followed by the review of the emergence of open science, the readiness of Malaysian researchers toward open scholarly communication and literature related to the background and conceptualization and measurement of open science constructs, theoretical framework, Malaysian researchers landscape on open scholarly communication, application of open scholarly communication to library and information science professionals as well as identifying gaps in open science research to justify and guide the study. Finally, the chapter summarises the literature review as follows: Based on the reviewed of the literature in open science and scholarly communication, the researcher was able to look into the emergence of scholarly communication, and readiness of Malaysian scholars toward open science and discussion of some salient issues raised by scholars towards awareness, perception and practices of open scholarly communication (i.e. Open Access, Open Data and Open Peer Review). It was found in the literature that researchers in Malaysia supports and are motivated to go for green open access, however, the issues of copyrights and plagiarism, traditional work practices and reputational worries, self-archiving, publishers’ policy, trust of readers and preservations meet a little resentment and less resistance from researchers. Also, their readiness toward open scholarly communication are positive, but practices were not encouraged. The researcher extensively discussed three pillars of open scholarly communication by examining in detail the open access definition and OA initiative, OA routes, OA use and reuse, open data, open peer review and its taxonomy and presented new trends in open peer review. The chapter equally looks at the theories that informed the study, Malaysian researchers’ landscapes and MOSP commitment towards open science as well as the application of open science research to academic library and information science discipline and finally on the application of Open science to librarianship. The research gaps in the literature include lack of awareness of open science as many of the scholars still swap open access for open science, lack of practicing open data and scholars are not actually practicing open peer review, among others. The next chapter presents the methodology, proposed research framework, and the research design adopted to answer the research questions in this study.